As the world marks the International Day Against Nuclear Tests, dedicated to promoting a nuclear-weapon-free world and raising awareness about the devastating effects of nuclear testing, Kazakhstan stands as a beacon of hope and leadership in nuclear disarmament. Nestled in the heart of Central Asia, this nation has weathered the storms of its nuclear past and played a pivotal role in safeguarding global security by renouncing its nuclear ambitions and actively pursuing disarmament.
For over four decades, from 1949 to 1989, the Semipalatinsk Test Site in eastern Kazakhstan was the location for more than 460 nuclear tests conducted by the Soviet Union. The consequences of these tests were dire, releasing massive amounts of radioactive materials into the air, water, and soil, exposing more than five million Kazakh citizens to nuclear fallout. The region suffered immensely, with Semey and its surrounding areas grappling with the haunting legacy of contamination.
Amidst the shadows of this nuclear past, a transformative decision was made. In 1991, Kazakhstan took the unprecedented step of shutting down the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site and renouncing its nuclear-weapon status. This bold move marked the beginning of a new era for the nation, characterized by a commitment to global peace and security. At the time of its decision, Kazakhstan possessed the fourth-largest nuclear military arsenal in the world, consisting of approximately 104 missiles armed with 1,040 warheads and 40 heavy bombers.
Kazakhstan’s journey towards disarmament continued with determination. The nation ratified the START I Treaty in 1992, solidifying its dedication to reducing nuclear arsenals. Just four years later, in September 1996, Kazakhstan achieved an extraordinary feat—the safe removal and destruction of all 104 of its intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) armed with over 1,000 warheads. These missiles were transported to Russia, emphasizing Kazakhstan’s commitment to global disarmament efforts.
Furthermore, Kazakhstan actively participated in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), an instrumental agreement that facilitated the elimination of an entire class of nuclear tactical missiles. The nation’s involvement in the Special Verification Commission exemplified its dedication to upholding the principles of the INF Treaty, even as the treaty faced its unfortunate demise in 2020.
As a foreigner fortunate enough to reside in Kazakhstan, I am struck by the warmth and hospitality of this nation. The remarkable diversity, cultural richness, and genuine sense of unity among its people make me feel at home. But what truly stands out is the unique historical trajectory that Kazakhstan has charted. Today, amidst global concerns about dictatorial regimes seeking nuclear capabilities under the guise of national security, Kazakhstan’s distinctive path offers a glimmer of optimism.
Decades ago, while the world grappled with nuclear ambitions and power struggles, Kazakhstan chose a different course—a course that prioritized humanity’s well-being over militarization. In an era where some regimes brandish nuclear weapons to threaten neighbors and the world at large, Kazakhstan’s actions serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of responsible leadership on the global stage.
Kazakhstan’s contributions to nuclear disarmament remind us that progress is possible, even in the face of challenges. As the International Day Against Nuclear Tests is observed, the world would do well to look to Kazakhstan’s journey, celebrating its unique role in shaping a safer and more peaceful world.
On this significant International Day Against Nuclear Tests, it is with great appreciation and a sense of purpose that we present a letter authored by Kairat Umarov, the esteemed First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. His insights have inspired and guided the creation of this article, shedding light on the crucial importance of nuclear disarmament for a safer and more harmonious world.
Esra Sahin